Introduction
Ovarian cancer is one of the most serious types of cancer affecting the female reproductive system. It develops in the ovaries, the organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Because ovarian cancer is often detected at later stages, awareness of symptoms and risk factors is essential for early detection and better treatment success.
What Is Ovarian Cancer?
Ovarian cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the ovary grow and multiply uncontrollably. These cells can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. There are three main types:
- Epithelial tumors – the most common type, starting in the outer surface of the ovary.
- Germ cell tumors – begin in the egg-producing cells.
- Stromal tumors – develop in the hormone-producing cells of the ovary.
Common Symptoms of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is sometimes called the “silent killer” because early symptoms can be vague. However, some signs to watch out for include:
- Persistent bloating or abdominal swelling
- Pelvic or abdominal pain
- Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly
- Frequent urination or urgency
- Fatigue and unexplained weight loss
- Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
If these symptoms occur often and don’t go away, medical evaluation is recommended.
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of ovarian cancer is not fully understood, but several factors increase risk:
- Age – most common in women over 50
- Family history of ovarian or breast cancer
- Genetic mutations such as BRCA1 and BRCA2
- Endometriosis
- Obesity
- Hormone replacement therapy after menopause
- Never being pregnant (nulliparity)
Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer
Doctors use multiple methods to detect ovarian cancer, including:
- Pelvic Examination – checks for abnormalities in the ovaries or uterus.
- Ultrasound & Imaging Tests – to identify ovarian masses.
- Blood Tests (CA-125) – checks for cancer markers in the blood.
- Biopsy – confirms diagnosis by examining tissue samples.
- CT/MRI Scans – to evaluate cancer spread.
Stages of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer is classified into four stages:
- Stage I: Limited to the ovaries.
- Stage II: Spread to the pelvis.
- Stage III: Spread to the abdominal cavity or lymph nodes.
- Stage IV: Spread to distant organs such as liver or lungs.
Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the stage, type, and overall health of the patient. Options include:
- Surgery – removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus.
- Chemotherapy – drugs that kill or stop the growth of cancer cells.
- Radiation Therapy – less common, but sometimes used.
- Targeted Therapy – attacks specific cancer cell mutations.
- Immunotherapy – strengthens the immune system to fight cancer.
Prevention and Lifestyle Tips
Although ovarian cancer cannot always be prevented, certain measures lower risk:
- Maintaining a healthy weight
- Birth control pill use (linked to reduced risk)
- Genetic testing for women with strong family history
- Regular gynecological exams
- Prophylactic surgery (in high-risk women with BRCA mutations)
Conclusion
Ovarian cancer is a life-threatening disease often diagnosed in later stages, but awareness of symptoms and regular checkups can make a difference. Early detection improves survival rates significantly. By understanding risk factors, treatment options, and preventive steps, women can take proactive measures to protect their health.