In today’s global economy, the ability to live and operate a business across borders is more valuable than ever. Europe’s Residency by Investment (RBI) schemes provide a structured, legal pathway to reside in some of the continent’s most desirable countries in exchange for a qualifying investment.
Known as “Golden Visa” programs, these options are ideal for non-EU nationals who seek enhanced global mobility, improved lifestyle benefits, and long-term financial security. In this guide, we explore the most attractive residency by investment schemes in Europe for 2025 and help you assess which option may suit your needs.
What is Residency by Investment?
Residency by Investment is a legal process whereby foreign nationals can gain residence rights in a country by making a significant financial contribution to its economy. These programs typically offer:
- Legal residence permits with renewal rights
- Access to healthcare and education systems
- The ability to live and travel freely within the host country or Schengen Zone
- A potential path to permanent residency or citizenship
Residency rights differ from full citizenship but often come with substantial benefits, especially in countries within the European Union.
Why Consider European Residency?
Europe remains a top destination for investment-based immigration due to:
- Political and economic stability
- Strong rule of law and legal systems
- Access to the European Single Market and Schengen Area
- High living standards, infrastructure, and public services
- Options for family inclusion and generational planning
Moreover, most European RBI programs do not require permanent relocation, offering flexibility for business owners, investors, and high-net-worth individuals.
Top Residency by Investment Programs in Europe (2025)
Portugal Golden Visa
Minimum Investment: €500,000 in investment funds or €250,000 in arts/cultural projects
Processing Time: 6 to 9 months
Residency Duration: Renewable every 2 years
Physical Presence Requirement: 7 days per year on average
Benefits:
- Eligibility for permanent residency or citizenship after 5 years
- Visa-free access to the Schengen Area
- Inclusion of spouse, children, and parents
- Access to public healthcare and education
Note: As of 2024, direct real estate investments in Lisbon, Porto, and coastal areas are no longer eligible.
Greece Golden Visa
Minimum Investment: €250,000 (increasing to €500,000 in key locations)
Processing Time: 2 to 4 months
Residency Duration: Renewable every 5 years
Physical Presence Requirement: None
Benefits:
- Lowest real estate threshold in the EU
- No stay or language requirements
- Visa-free Schengen access
- Option to rent out investment property
This program is ideal for investors seeking flexibility and simplicity.
Spain Golden Visa
Minimum Investment: €500,000 in real estate
Processing Time: 3 to 6 months
Residency Duration: Initially 2 years, then renewable
Physical Presence Requirement: 1 day per year
Benefits:
- Family inclusion
- Access to Spain’s public services
- Path to permanent residency after 5 years and citizenship after 10
- No income tax obligation if you do not spend over 183 days in Spain
This is a popular choice for those considering long-term relocation.
Malta Permanent Residence Programme (MPRP)
Minimum Contribution and Investment:
- €98,000 government contribution
- €40,000 administration fee
- €10,000 per year property lease or €300,000+ purchase
Processing Time: 4 to 6 months
Residency Duration: Permanent from the start
Physical Presence Requirement: Minimal
Benefits:
- Immediate permanent residency
- Access to Schengen travel
- Strong legal protections
- English-speaking country with stable institutions
Malta offers one of the most robust and transparent residency programs in Europe.
Italy Investor Visa
Minimum Investment:
- €250,000 in startups
- €500,000 in established companies
- €2 million in government bonds
Processing Time: 3 to 4 months
Residency Duration: 2 years initially, renewable
Physical Presence Requirement: Yes, for long-term benefits
Benefits:
- Access to Italy’s healthcare and education systems
- Tax incentives for new residents
- Flexible investment options
- Strong infrastructure and lifestyle appeal
This is a strong option for entrepreneurs or professionals looking to establish EU presence.
Key Benefits of Residency by Investment
Travel and Mobility
Residency typically grants visa-free access to the 27 countries within the Schengen Zone, making travel across Europe much easier and faster.
Family Inclusion
Most programs allow the main applicant to include immediate family members such as spouse, children, and sometimes parents under the same application.
Lifestyle and Services
European residency provides access to top-tier healthcare, education, and infrastructure. It can also open the door to business and employment opportunities.
Wealth Diversification
Holding legal residency in a European country allows for global asset diversification and estate planning benefits.
Pathway to Citizenship
Although RBI programs do not directly grant citizenship, many offer a route to permanent residency and eventual naturalization after a set number of years.
Things to Consider
Program Changes
Golden Visa schemes can change frequently. Some countries are reducing access to real estate-based options or raising investment thresholds. Always confirm the most up-to-date rules.
Tax Residency
Residency does not always mean tax residency. However, staying over 183 days in the country may subject you to worldwide income tax. Seek professional tax advice.
Long-Term Goals
If your goal is eventual EU citizenship, be aware of physical presence and integration requirements, such as language or civic tests, in countries like Spain or Italy.
FAQs
1. Which European residency by investment program has the lowest investment requirement?
Greece currently offers the lowest threshold at €250,000 for real estate investments. However, this amount may increase depending on the location within the country.
2. Can I apply for European citizenship through a residency by investment program?
Yes, but not immediately. Most countries require you to reside for 5 to 10 years before applying for citizenship. Requirements vary and often include language proficiency and cultural integration.
3. Is it necessary to live in the country full-time after getting residency?
Not always. Programs like Portugal and Greece have very low or no physical presence requirements, making them attractive for global investors who travel frequently.
Conclusion
Residency by investment programs in Europe provide an efficient and secure way to gain access to the European lifestyle, business environment, and mobility privileges. Whether your priority is travel freedom, asset protection, or a long-term pathway to citizenship, there’s likely a European program that fits your strategy.
Before applying, consult with experienced immigration advisors and legal experts to ensure you select a program that aligns with your goals, budget, and risk profile.
Would you like a comparison chart or personalized recommendations based on your nationality or investment goals? Let me know, and I’ll assist you further.